IF AND THE CONDITIONAL

There are four main types of 'if' sentences in English:

1. The 'zero' conditional, where the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + simple present If you heat ice If it rains	simple present it melts. you get wet

In these sentences, the time is now or always and the situation is real and possible. They are often used to refer to general truths.

2. The Type 1 conditional, where the tense in the 'if clause is the simple present, and the tense in the main clause is the simple future

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + simple present If it rains If you don't hurry	Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train.

In these sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation is real. They refer to a possible condition and its probable result.

3. The Type 2 conditional, where the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple past, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + simple past If it rained If you went to bed earlier	Present conditional you would get wet you wouldn't be so tired.

In these sentences, the time is now or any time, and the situation is unreal. They are not based on fact, and they refer to an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its probable result.

4. The Type 3 conditional, where the tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + past perfect If it had rained If you had worked harder	Perfect conditional you would have got wet you would have passed the exam.

In these sentences, the time is past, and the situation is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed, and they refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result.

A further type of 'if' sentence exists, where Type 2 and Type 3 are mixed. The tense in the'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + past perfect If I had worked harder at school If we had looked at the map	Present conditional I would have a better job now. we wouldn't be lost.

In these sentences, the time is past in the 'if' clause, and present in the main clause. They refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present.

Examples

Type 1 Conditional

• If the weather is nice, she is going to walk to work.
  It depends on the weather.
• I am going to read if there is nothing on TV.
  It depends on the TV schedule.
• If I go to my friend's house for dinner tonight, I will take a bottle of wine or some flowers.
  I am still not sure if I will go to his house or not.

Type 2 Conditional

• If I had a day off from work next week, I would go to the beach.
  I don't have a day off from work.
• I am busy next week. If I had time, I would come to your party.
  I can't come.
• Jerry would help me with my homework tomorrow if he didn't have to work.
  He does have to work tomorrow.

Type 3 Conditional

• If I had owned a car, I would have driven to work. But I didn't own one, so I took the bus.
• She would have traveled around the world if she had had more money. But she didn't have much money, so she never traveled.
• If Jack had worked harder, he would have earned more money. Unfortunately, he was lazy and he didn't earn much.

EXCEPTION Conditional with Modal Verbs

There are some special conditional forms for modal verbs in English:

would + can = could

would + shall = should

would + may = might

would have + shall = should have

would have + may = might have

would have + can = could have

The words "can," "shall" and "may" cannot be used with "would." Instead, they must be used in these special forms.

Examples:

• If I went to Egypt next year, I would can learn Arabic. Unfortunately, that's not possible. Not Correct
• If I went to Egypt next year, I could learn Arabic. Unfortunately, that's not possible. Correct
• If I had had more time, I could have exercised after work.

• If he had invited you, you might have gone.

Exercises

if-clauses, type I
Complete the sentences.

1.    If it (rain) , we (stay)  at home.

2.    If you (know/not)  the way, I (pick)  you up.

3.    My mum (bake)  a cake if you (come)  to see us.

if-clauses, type II
Complete the sentences.

1.    If you (study)  harder, you (get)  better marks in your tests.

2.    If I (be)  rich, I (travel)  around the world.

3.    She (come)  to the market with us if she (have/not)  to work.

if-clauses, type III
Complete the sentences.

1.    If you (help)  us, we (finish)  the work in next to no time.

2.    I (call)  you earlier if I (lose/not)  your phone number.

3.    They (go/not)  to the theatre by car if the weather(be)  better.

Answers

1.    Rains, will stay

2.    Don’t know, will pick

3.    Will bake, come

1.    Studied, would get

2.    Were, would get

3.    Would come, didn’t have

1.    Had helped, would have finished

2.    Would have called, hadn’t lost

3.    Wouldn’t have gone, had been

Source:

http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/pastconditional.html

http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/futureconditional.html

http://www.english4today.com/englishgrammar/grammar/if_conditional1.php

https://english.lingolia.com/en/grammar/sentences/if-clauses/exercises

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Active Voice: When the subject of a verb performs an action the verb is said to be in the active voice. The effect of the action may or may not fall on an object, that is, the verb may or may not have an object.

Examples: The boy kicked the ball.

The girl cries.

In the first sentence, ‘kicked’ is the verb or the action; the ‘boy’ is the subject or the ‘doer’ who performs that action; and the ‘ball’ is the object on whom the effect of that action is directed. In the second sentence, ‘cries’ is the verb or the action; and the ‘girl’ is the subject or the doer of that action. There is no object because the effect of the girl’s crying cannot be directed at another object.

Passive Voice: When the object of a verb appears to perform an action so that the effect of that action appears to fall on the subject the verb is said to be in the passive voice.

Examples: The work was completed on time.

   The song was sung beautifully by the singer.

A sentence in the active voice can be converted to form a sentence in the passive voice.

Examples: A film was watched by us.

   A kite was flown by me.

Rules for changing voice:

• Only sentences containing transitive verbs can be changed from the active voice to the passive voice. A subject—that is, a ‘doer’ of the action—is required to change a sentence from the passive to the active voice.

 Examples: My mother cut the fruit.

    The fruit was cut by my mother.

Here, the object ‘fruit’ is acted upon by the doer ‘mother’.

Reasons to use the passive voice:

1. The agent (doer) of the action is unimportant.		Example: The pyramids were built thousands of years ago.
2. The agent is unknown.		Example: Several robberies were committed during the night.
3. The agent is common knowledge, and mentioning it would be redundant.		Example: George Bush was elected in 2000.
4. The writer desires to control focus of sentence.
	to de-emphasize the agent’s role in the action	Example: The alarm was triggered by my son. [Passive construction shifts focus away from the son’s responsibility.]
	to emphasize the party receiving the action	Example: Jack was kicked by Jill.

Reasons to use the active voice:

The active voice is shorter and more direct.	Compare:	Active: The waiter dropped the tray of food. Passive: The tray of food was dropped by the waiter.
The active voice is less awkward and clearly states relationship between subject and action.	Compare	Passive: Your request for funding has been denied by the review committee. Active: The review committee denied your request for funding.

The active voice sentence pattern propels the reader forward through your writing thus avoiding weak prose. 

Identifying Passive Voice Verbs:

Verbs have two voices: active and passive.

In active voice sentences, the verb expresses the action in the sentence, the subject performs the action, and the object is the recipient of the action. Active sentences follow the pattern: subject-verb-object.

Jill kicked Jack.

In a passive voice sentence, the subject and object flip-flop. The subject becomes the passive recipient of the action.

Jack was kicked by Jill.

Form of Passive Voice Verbs:

The passive voice requires a "double verb" and will always consist of a form of the verb "to be" and the past participle (usually the "en/ed/t" form) of another verb. Example: is kicked
Writers should be familiar with the forms of "to be" so that they can easily identify the passive voice in their work.

Review the forms of "to be": am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Note the forms of "to be" in the examples of the verb "to kick" in various forms of the passive voice:
is kicked----------------had been kicked
was kicked-------------is going to be kicked
is being kicked---------will be kicked
has been kicked-------can be kicked
was being kicked------should be kicked

Often passive voice sentences will contain a "by" phrase indicting who or what performed the action. Passive sentences can be easily transformed into active sentences when the object of the preposition "by" is moved to the subject position in the sentence.

Passive: The cookies were eaten by the children.
Active: The children ate the cookies.

Passive: The tunnels are dug by the gophers.
Active: The gophers dug the tunnels.

(Used with permission from Oregon State University Business Writing web page by Donna Shaw www.orst.edu )

Example:
Simple present tense

Active: He drives the car.
Passive: Car is driven by him.

Simple past tense

Active: The government built a new road in the city
Passive: A new road was built in the city by the government

Present continuous

Active: The waves are washing away the sandcastle.
Passive: The sandcastle is being washed away by the waves.

Past continuous

Active: Jimmy was making our costumes.

Passive: Our costumes were being made by Jimmy.

Present perfect

Active: I have seen that movie.

Passive: That movie has been seen by me

Past perfect

Active: The hunter had caught a fox.

Passive: A fox had been caught by the hunter.

Modals (must)

Active : You must obey the traffic rules.

Passive: The traffic rules must be obeyed.

Sumber: http://www.kennesaw.edu/elearning/proseprep/grammar/activepassive.htm

http://www.pfst.unist.hr/uploads/Active_and_passive_voice.pdf

Haris Krisnadi

4SA02

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